The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review encompassing the syndromes associated with the lower cranial
nerves (LCNs). We will discuss the anatomy of some of these syndromes and the historical contributors after whom they were
named. The LCNs can be affected individually or in combination, since the cranial nerves at this level share their courses through
the jugular foramen and hypoglossal canal and the extracranial spaces. Numerous alterations affecting them have been described
in the literature, but much remains to be discovered on this topic. This paper will highlight some of the subtle differences among
these syndromes. Symptoms and signs that have localization value for LCN lesions include impaired speech, deglutition, sensory
functions, alterations in taste, autonomic dysfunction, neuralgic pain, dysphagia, head or neck pain, cardiac or gastrointestinal
compromise, and weakness of the tongue, trapezius, or sternocleidomastoid muscles. To assess the manifestations of LCN
lesions correctly, precise knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the area is required. Treatments currently used for these
conditions will also be addressed here. Effective treatments are available in several such cases, but a precondition for complete
recovery is a correct and swift diagnosis.